MACEDONIA IN ANCIENT TIMES

ACAD. Antonie Skokljev - Donco

Slave Nikolovski - Katin

Risto Stefov ( Chris Stefou)

Скопје 2010

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of writing this book was to challenge slanted conventional views of "the Macedonian" and, from a historical perspective, to re-open the "Macedonian question". Our aim here is to explore issues which still remain in the various political stages, scenarios, games and millennia old appetites, distorting by means of cause and effect, international relations in this very sensitive region on the European map.
Through the pages of this investigation our goal is to offer the reader historical proof about Macedonia which we hope will contribute to shaping the historical mosaic of the autochthonous Macedonian people, their continuity, national identity and their contribution to world civilization. At the same time we hope to expose and confront historical injustices perpetrated against the Macedonian people by misuse of the "Macedonian question".
This book is dedicated to Macedonia and to the Macedonian people as it tackles the question of whether or not particular political entities have exclusive rights to monopolize the Macedonian historical heritage. And respectively whether or not contemporary young generations, born and raised in the various "politically diverse" parts of Macedonia be they in Greece, Bulgaria, Albania, or the Republic of Macedonia, have been taught and believe that Macedonians don't have enough historical knowledge to realize that they are the same people, Macedonians, belonging to one country, Macedonia.
Ancient sources have shown that the ancestors of the so-called "ancient Greeks" arrived in the Balkans around the 11th century BC but under a different name. Initially they were called Dorians (Herodotus, I, 56). They were not called Greeks, Hellenes, Greki, or Romai around the 7th century B.C., as they claim they were called in Homer's Iliad, which came about 800 years after their arrival. During Homer's time they were known as Achaeans, Aeolians, Dannans, etc. The names Greek, Hellene, Greki and Romai were attributed to them much, much later (Mpampiniotis, 1998, 596). But then in the fourth century B.C. they were conquered by the Macedonians and later by the Romans, which extinguished their influence in the world forever. Why then do modern historians "credit" the so-called "Greeks" with contributing to world civilization after their demise and particularly during the period of Macedonian dominance in that region and wrongly calling it "the Hellenistic period"? Why have Macedonians not been credited with their own contribution as a unique entity even though, during Alexander the Greats' time, they conquered the known world, bridged east and west and immensely contributed to world religion, knowledge and civilization?
It is well known that the only time in history that the Greeks, or Hellenes as they are known to themselves, acquired parts of Macedonia was after the 1912 and 1913 Balkan Wars and only by an act of war supported by the signing of the 1913 Treaty of Bucharest. Even though Macedonia, historically, was never Greek, part of it was given to the Greeks by the Great Powers of Europe.
There are claims that the present-day Macedonians "colonized" the Balkans in the 6lh century A.D. If they did, as history has shown, then they never imposed their own names on the land they settled but gradually accepted the idea that they were Macedonians as a sign of their national affiliation with the indigenous Macedonians with whom they assimilated and in favour of the creation of a single Macedonian consciousness.
Those who claim that the present-day Macedonians "colonized" the Balkans in the 6th century A.D. are forgetting that at that time a native and indigenous population to the region already existed in Macedonia. They descended from the ancient people of Macedon, from Alexander the Greats' Macedonian Empire, one of the greatest empires that ever existed.
At stake here is the "ethnic name" in the middle of which exist complex problems with a dramatic character which will be a challenge to unravel and will be exploited by many forces for a long time in the future.
To better understand who in general qualifies to be the rightful successor to the Macedonian heritage and culture and to appreciate the problems faced, the investigation and analysis in this book will begin in pre historic times. It will cover prehistory of the Southern Balkans, tracing the predominant role the Paleo-Balkan cultures played in this region, and lead the reader onwards through the millenniums. The investigation will then follow the history of ancient Macedonia, the conquests and occupation of the ancient City States, the creation of the Macedonian Empire and its contributions to world civilization, the role of the Paleo-Balkan language in the establishment of the ancient so-called "Greek language" and finally examine Alexander the Greats' Macedonian Koine language which was used as the basis for the creation of the official Modern Greek language of today.
A great deal of source material was referenced for developing this study, particularly the study of the ancient  Macedonians, most of which is of ancient Greek and Roman origin. More recently however, with the rise of the sovereign and independent Republic of Macedonia, more and more historiographers are showing greater interest in the Macedonians and their history over the ages. Owing to the contributions of the so-called "Hellenic" civilization, which in turn owes its achievements to previous cultures such as the Paleo-Balkans, Babylonians, Egyptians, Hittites, Aegeans, Cretans, Pellans etc., many prehistoric events are brought to light not only with artefacts and relics from the material culture but also with writing which is found in the so-called ancient Greek literature. Thanks to the use of alphabets Macedonia was propelled to the forefront of European culture.

With the arrival of the Dorians in the southern Balkans and with the emergence of the ancient Macedonians as an influential culture, a new civilization was born - marked by the use of iron. After the Trojan War, which involved most of the so-called "Hellenic" world of the time, the Macedonians and Dorians led a social revival in the Balkans. Unfortunately the Trojan War is a misunderstood phenomenon and is treated as a "dark period in history" by most historians. However if the ancient world, Byzantine (Eastern Roman) world and later events are to be properly understood, the Trojan era needs to be historically analyzed not as a dark period but as an existing and flourishing civilization.
Another phenomenon that needs critical analysis is the artistic achievement and contribution of the Macedonians and Dorians, particularly Alexander the Greats' linguistic and literary contributions to the Koine language and later the Macedonian contributions to the Slavic language and world culture.
Macedonians were born and have been living in Macedonia, the centre of an ancient civilized world, from time immemorial where cultures have sprouted and outstanding people have been born. They are people of much significance, who not only contributed to history and European culture, but have also contributed to humanity in general. They have awakened awareness in new generations and have motivated them to further explore their world. Everything that has happened under the sun in Macedonia cannot come close to being compared to anything that has happened anywhere in the world at any period of time (Thomson, 1954).
Using confirmed scientific" knowledge that the Balkan Peninsula is considered to be the cradle of culture of "Ancient Europe", this book makes use of recently investigated and published results in the fields of linguistics, mythology, ethnology and prehistory relating to the Territory of Pannonia. Results show a great number of Pannonian hydronyms and toponyms belonging to a single and shared general archaic Balkan language which in turn belongs to the proto-lndian family of languages. The onomastics of Danube (Zeus-Zan and Dias-Dan, genitive Danoy and bius, i.e. Danoubius, is a personification of the god of gods, Zeus), its tributaries and islands belong to the paleo-glossology of the Balkans and it is an allegory of all mythological systems of Homer's and Hesiod's cosmogony and theogony of the Olympian Pantheon of the ancient gods. Such onomastics are also used to define toponyms where various prehistoric tribes, belonging to the huge family of the Tiroi, Boreans and Hyperboreans (Danuni, Misani, Mosiniki, Kaki, Minijci, Macedonians, Lapiti, Tiroi, and others), lived and contributed to the archetypical cultures in the second millennium B.C. During their migration these tribes brought with them their cultures and contributed to the civilization centres in ancient Athens, Crete, Asia Minor, Italy, Libya etc.
The region of South East Europe, particularly the Balkan Peninsula, is a neuralgic knot, an epicentre, which to this day is considered to be a "global shock centre" all over the world. Therefore it is the intention of the authors to investigate its archetypical character and highlight its great spiritual achievements.
A portion of this book is dedicated to the Macedonian contribution to world civilization. The authors have taken an extra but necessary step to correct the distortions disseminated in the European hierarchy of spiritual values. In doing so they have joined other Balkan people and their shared thread of cultural heritage, which for centuries has been the seedbed for European and world civilizations.

The Authors

A.Skokljev, S.Karin, R.Stefov

Freedom or death -
Macedonian revolutionary nacionalfreedom
movement in the 1893-1903 year in Thessaloniki reign

Following his martyr path to the goal, MRO has survived many dangers and hazarders situations.  It is often found face to face with ottoman power. "

Jordan Mijalkov

by Hristo Ristovski

Introduction
The self-sacrificing deeds of thousands of Macedonian sons and daughters are engraved in the recent Macedonian history, especially in creating the independent Republic of Macedonia. The contribution of Jordan Mijalkov to this hard and arduous process is great, thus he deserves to be written about. Because of his Macedonian self consciousness, due to his persistent fight for the realization of the ideal of independent Macedonian state, and mostly because of his early death, in the moments when he was mostly needed for the stability and development of the Republic of Macedonia, we express our gratitude and appreciation towards him through the pages of this monograph.
Jordan Mijalkov belongs to the group of Macedonian sons whose names deserve to be placed in the memory of the Macedonian people, as a continuation of their struggles and efforts to raise themselves above the submission and proudly take a step towards insubordination. Jordan was one of those ideologists who were creating new strategy and tactics for independent and autonomous Macedonia. He was farsighted and together with all internal revolutionary forces knew how to lead in order not to shed any more Macedonian blood, right before the proclamation of independence of the Republic of Macedonia. He was ready to protect other people's lives and sacrifice his own for the good of his country. He used to address the defenders of Macedonia with the words: Sons of the fatherland! Listen! If I lose my life I want to lose it on the altar of independent Macedonia. I don't want a common death - that is not my style!' His devotion to this idea and the readiness for selfsacrifice follows him until his tragic death as the first Minister of Internal Affairs of independent Macedonia.
People wrote about many details of the life and work of this eminent intellectual and political activist. I hope that in the near future his name and work will be analyzed and explained more studiously. As a historian, this represented a true challenge for me. I made the first attempt to clearing up the truth about Jordan Mijalkov and his time, according to the available documents and the memories of his contemporaries. I would like to emphasize that many authors have published journalistic reports and articles about him, and their arguments depend on their political beliefs. Therefore, we would like to disclose facts about his political activity more objectively and thoroughly.
In order to scrutinize his political and social activities more authentically, after a long research, we established contacts with a lot of his friends, relatives, neighbors, coworkers and other common people. However, it was his sister's words that made everything possible. I have to mention that I am extremely grateful and appreciative of her constant contribution to this monograph, and I wish nothing more but depicting Jordan Mijalkov's life more authentically, for the good of our people.
Only the tears in his sister's eyes and her trembling voice can speak about the everlasting pain and inexpressive sorrow that she feels for her brother. On one occasion she said to me: Hristo, please, please write something about my brother because he truly deserves that. This played a crucial role for me in deciding to engage myself in eternalizing his name and work, through the pages of this literary work named Jordan Mijalkov and His Time. I believe that this will broaden the horizons of appreciation of those who knew him and the newer generations will find out more about him because Mijalkov lived and acted in an extremely important and rough period, during World War II and in the period of the proclamation of independent Macedonia. I believe that this period is of great historical significance regarding the survival of the Macedonian state, which was created by the Macedonian nation in only one part of ethnic Macedonia, for the first time after the Samuil Kingdom, the Krushevo Republic and the struggle for national liberation.
I have made an attempt to present Jordan Mijalkov's life in an appropriate way, through the collected data from his time. To achieve this objective we referred to many texts and interviewed his closest relatives, coworkers, friends and others, whose statements are included in the book. In order to accomplish this, we visited many villages and towns where Jordan Mijalkov lived and worked, and we also visited his house in Novo Selo - Shtip, the High School and the Primary School there and some companies in Skopje where he worked. We also consulted Jordan's posthumous records, which are in his sons, Sashko and Vlatko's possession. Unfortunately, we couldn't come to some of the sources that would be very useful for a new research in his political and social activities in declaring independent Macedonia.
Working with the evidence, we found out that the more we scrutinize the past of Jordan Mijalkov, the sooner we come to a conclusion about the significance of this great son of Macedonia, who remains a permanent historical heritage.
The work Jordan Mijalkov and His Time, consists of ten chapters. In the beginning, there is the introduction, then the biography, i.e. the history of the family Mijalkovi, full of photographs, graphs and other supporting materials.
In the first chapter, we disclose essential data about the roots of the family, putting emphasis on his childhood and we try to depict his economic situation and the position of the civic society in which he grew and developed. In the next chapter, we reveal some facts about his education, and the social and cultural activities in the Shtip High School, as well as the relationship with his teachers and classmates, and then we emphasize his political beliefs and analyze his philosophical thoughts, such as: "A person's destiny depends on the internal social relationships" or "The nation that cannot establish peace in their own home will suffer greatly."
According to his knowledge, only the society that fulfills its democratic principles and traditions can improve and go forward. Emphasis is put on his strict political norms that were in opposition with the everyday life at that time, which was full of imposing repression and force in order to stop the Macedonian nationalism. We also state the ideas of the young rebel, who was a member of the political organization VMRO-PRAVDA, which was forbidden at that time and whose moto was: "The justice without force is powerless and the force without power is tyranny." Some facts about the "political" murders in the 1950's in Shtip are disclosed, i.e. the clearance of the ideological and other opposers of the strict pro-Yugoslav party line.
In the third part of the book, there is data about Jordan Mijalkov's youth and his contemporaries that were involved in rebuilding the country after WWII. As a brigadier of the Shtip youth work brigade he participated in building the highway "Bratstvo-Edinstvo," in Vrhovo Pole, Croatia. This part of his life is dedicated to his brigadier days and shock work.
In the next chapter we depict his prom excursion in 1950 through, at that time, Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia. Here we explain his thoughts and views on the position of the other Yugoslav Republics and their relations, and the findings about the democratic processes in Croatia, which were different than the ones in the other republics, as well as his political attitude towards this issue, which is directly connected to the days he spent as a student in Skopje. Then we come to his friends and colleagues and the social life, such as the parties and the serenades organized in "Bavchata" in Shtip and the dates with his girlfriend Milka.
One of the chapters is dedicated to Jordan's sports activities and his boxing successes as well as his friendships with the top domestic and international sportspeople and his contribution to the development of the sport in Macedonia, especially boxing.
In the next part, Jordan is depicted as a soldier in Bilece and we show his attitude towards JNA and the intelligence agency KOS.
The social and political activities of Jordan Mijalkov are analyzed in chapter 8. Here we find out about his political thoughts and his employment in Skopje in the legal sector of the company "Makoteks" in 1964 and his stay in Prague as a representative of the company.
The analysis continues with the days of the independence of Macedonia, when he is appointed a member of the new Macedonian government, where he played the key role in the rescue of the Macedonian recruits in the time of disintegration of JNA. We give details about the Macedonian recruits' rescue and his constant effort, behavior, courage and the planned action, which he carried out with great courage and intelligence before the Macedonian recruits were mobilized in JNA and sent to the battlefields of the other Yugoslav republics.
The book ends with minister Jordan Mijalkov's mysterious death, where we use facts and arguments for organized scenario about his elimination, such as photos, schemes, drawings etc. There are interviews and evidence from witnesses, and we quote thoughts and articles from internal organs.
In my opinion, it is hard to get to the truth about Jordan's death. It seems that there are neither witnesses nor guilty people. However, we came to the finding that our best sons and daughters were not victims of outsiders but, unfortunately, were killed by internal traitors.
Even though he was taken away from his loved Macedonia too early, the first Macedonian Minister of Internal Affairs in the expert government of the Republic of Macedonia, Jordan Mijalkov, believed in his vision that the Macedonians will overcome the historical injustices and step into the spiritual and language unification.

The Author

Pirey

by Petre M. Andreevski

Pirey, by Macedonian poet, novelist and playwright Petre M. Andreevski, is one of the most celebrated novels of modern Macedonian literature. Set during the Balkan Wars, WWI and years soon after, the story follows the major political shifts in the Balkans at the end of the Ottoman Empire and their catastrophic impact on a Macedonian village and a married couple, Ion and Velika.
While Ion is in the army, Velika struggles as she watches her children and village ravaged by war. In one famous scene, Ion, conscripted into the Serbian army, and his brother conscripted into the Bulgarian army, comes face to face one night on the battlefield.
This book is famous for its depiction of life around the time of the division of Macedonia, its characterizations and its use of language and historical setting.

Who ruled Macedonia

Author Risto Iljovski.

RISTO ILJOVSKI, born March 5, 1943; completed primary and secondary school in Hungary, where he graduated from the Faculty of Philosophy at Etvesh Lorand University in Budapest. He has matured as an independent researcher of the medieval past of Macedonia at the Department of Antique and Medieval History within the Institute of National History in Skopje. He has enriched and deepened his scientific knowledge at the Center of Byzantinology in Belgrade where he completed his M. A. degree in the field of Byzantinology.

The focus of his scientific interest has been the research of medieval history of Macedonia on Byzantine sources. His scientific opus concentrates on the Macedonian-Hungarian relations and the discovery of Byzantine sources of the history of Macedonia. The results of his scientific work have been presented on many meetings of scientists and published in lots of domestic and foreign publications. His work has contributed a lot to the development of the Macedonian-Hungarian scientific relations in the field of historiography, archive and library science. This guide of archontology has resulted from his long lasting research.

FOREWORD

The history of mankind is based on two principal dimensions before all: time and space. The third component appears to be the man, who fills time and usurps and changes space by his own will. Being the most developed creature of this world, that same man writes and immortalizes his own history with his mind and deeds to save it for the future.
However, science is not capable of registering the history of all complex phenomena universally and fully. In order to approximate the past historiographically, it develops various criteria: it reveals events that happened, i.e. took place before us in a chronological manner and in thematic divisions and confinements. This activity demands complex and extraordinary knowledge from researchers, who undergoing closer and deeper specialization, contribute to the creation of new scientific disciplines.
The critical study of written sources was widely introduced as far as in the new century of mankind's history gradually turning into a basis of all historical researching. History began to use various approaches and methods in order to disclose and reconstruct written monuments from the past. With the advancement of this research process, new historical accessory sciences and special scientific areas were created, which later, when fully developed, separated and in time became independent. Such accessory historical disciplines include: diplomacy, chronology, genealogy, prosopography, heraldry, numismatics etc. Viewed from another aspect, accessory scientific disciplines are rightfully considered as basic sciences, because without special disciplines, modern history can in no case be imagined.
Recognizing the significance and pressing need of nurturing accessory historical branches, the author of the present work, some twenty years ago set a goal for himself to study the professional works from the rich and diverse historiographic literature and compile a kind of a handbook in the field of archontology, which, in the past decades passed by the attention of many distinguished scientific researchers not only in the Macedonian historiography but also in the historiography of the neighbouring Balkan countries. The basis for setting in motion such research exaltation is the knowledge acquired through hard work and in difficult conditions, since without sufficient efforts by numerous Macedonian and foreign researchers, who didn't pay much attention to producing exact chronology and reviews in the field of archontology and, due to insufficient engrossment in their research, they even presented wrong results, mainly taken over from the works of previous authors, or showed insufficient knowledge of accessory historical sciences.
The author of this work undertook to complement the indicated research needs. His goal was to compile a guide for the preparation of useful projects related to archontology in future. The result of his hard and lengthy work is the present work which is offered to the devotees of historical past.
The diverse and pretty rich political and cultural activity of the presented historical actors, who, as rulers, directed at certain moments the destiny of many antique, medieval and modern-age state formations, is closely related to the history of the Territory of Macedonia.

After the Rain

Author Sam Vaknin, Ph.D.

INTRODUCTION

This is a series of articles written and published in 1996-2000 in Macedonia, in Russia, in Egypt and in the Czech Republic. How the West lost the East. The economics, the politics, the geopolitics, the conspiracies, the corruption, the old and the new, the plough and the internet – it is all here, in prose, as provocative and vitriolic and loving and longing as I could make it.
From "The Mind of Darkness":
"‘The Balkans’ – I say – ‘is the unconscious of the world’. People stop to digest this metaphor and then they nod enthusiastically. It is here that the repressed memories of history, its traumas and fears and images reside. It is here that the psychodynamics of humanity – the tectonic clash between Rome and Byzantium, West and East, Judeo-Christianity and Islam – is still easily discernible. We are seated at a New Year’s dining table, loaded with a roasted pig and exotic salads.
I, the Jew, only half foreign to this cradle of Slavonics. Four Serbs, five Macedonians. It is in the Balkans that all ethnic distinctions fail and it is here that they prevail anachronistically and atavistically. Contradiction and change the only two fixtures of this tormented region. The women of the Balkan – buried under provocative mask-like make up, retro hairstyles and too narrow dresses. The men, clad in sepia colours, old fashioned suits and turn of the century moustaches. In the background there is the crying game that is Balkanian music: liturgy and folk and elegy combined. The smells are heavy with musk-ular perfumes. It is like time travel. It is like revisiting one’s childhood." How were the articles and essays contained herein – many of them translated and published in local languages – received by people everywhere? My readers from the Balkans reacted to these essays with an admixture of rage and indignation. They erected defensive barricades of self-aggrandizement and of my devaluation. And they let their ingrained paranoia run rampant (Jewish conspiracies, Western spies, world plots). I asked a resident of this tortured region to write the foreword to this book. People from other parts, from Central and Eastern Europe, were more argumentative and contemplating, though much less passionate.  And Westerners – especially those with interest in these regions of the world – reacted with great, cathartic enthusiasm.
In reading this book, I wish upon you the joy and the revulsion, the dark fascination of this region and its surrealist dreams and nightmares. This is what I experience daily here and it is my hope that I succeeded to convey the siren’s song, the honeyed trap, the lure and the allure of this tortured corner of the earth.

Dr. Sam Vaknin

Download the book After the Rain.pdf, 1.3 MB

Portraits of Fallen Freedom Fighters

- 370 Macedonians Who Died For Freedom

The Macedonian people from Greece, fighting side by side with their Greek brothers, made countless sacrifices during the many years of fighting for liberation, in the battles for national equality, for democracy.
In the last 25 years alone, in the war against the Nazi and Italian fascist occupiers, in the battle against the Americo-British imperialism and Greek reactionaries, in the prisons and on the islands, in the face of execution squads, hundreds and thousands of Macedonian fighters fell: dirt-poor villagers and labourers, old and young, men and women, mothers and daughters, all of them being of the people. They fell along side their brothers, the Greek fighters, in the battle against the foreign aggressors and local exploiters, in the battle for freedom, democracy and peace, for a better life, a happy life. They soaked the sacred land of our beloved birthplace with their own blood and they filled renowned pages in the story of the struggle of the two peoples.
They fell, but their heroic deeds will live forever in the memory of their comrades, in the memories of future generations. Their names have passed into the pantheon of heroes and martyrs.
The publication of this book forms a small expression of respect, not only for the 370 fighters named in this book, but also for all of the other known and unknown heroes and martyrs who died in the battle.
The publication of this book is the fruit of the collective effort of a number of comrades who have written recollections on the life and activities of the fallen national fighters. However, it is nonetheless incomplete in that it does not cover every hero. Many more portraits of heroes and martyrs could have been included in the book, better monographs of their lives, recollections and other moments of their lives could be written. The omissions may be addressed, to some extent, by the publication of another part to this book.
Every fighter owes a sacred debt to the comrades who fell fighting in the same trenches, a debt that every patriot owes, to write about the fallen freedom fighters so that they may be known among the people, so they can serve as an example to today's and future generations.
We owe eternal gratitude to those freedom fighters who fell for the ideals of liberty, democracy and peace, for the happiness of the people.
The sketched portraits in this book were done by the artist G Dimu from photographs of the fallen fighters.

Picture On The Mantelpiece

Picture on the Mantelpiece gives a Macedonian perspective on the Second World War and the Greek Civil War, and the consequences for ethnic Macedonians from Aegean Macedonia (northern Greece).
The book is a powerful autobiography of Stefo and Lena Duketovski from the Macedonian village of Trna. Married during the early days of the Second World War, Stefo is conscripted into the Greek army and later becomes a partisan. But caught up in the Macedonian Freedom Struggle during the Greek Civil War, they become separated from each other and their young family. Stefo and Lena each find themself on Mount Gramos during the heaviest bombing of the Civil War but without knowing the other is there.
After the War, with Stefo in the Republic of Macedonia and later Australia, Lena behind the Iron Curtain, and their two young boys scattered across Europe, they must begin the difficult task of finding each other and re-uniting their family.
Picture on the Mantelpiece is an oral history about war, migration, Macedonian village life in the early and mid 20th century, and the importance of family. It is well told and easy to read.
It is the second book by Macedonian Australian author, Pandora Petrovska, whose first book, Children of the Bird Goddess, was published by Pollitecon in 1998 and remains popular.

Macedonia and Greece:

The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation 

By John Shea

In this unique book, we get the undiluted story of the Balkans in general and Macedonia in particular. Commenting on the tension between Greece and the new nation of Macedonia that has arisen out of the breakup of the former Yugoslavia, Shea (Univ. of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia) marvels at the Byzantine political games, is amazed at the lack of critical thinking skills, and reveals the truth (the whole truth and nothing but the truth).

Shea selects the most significant historical points and analyzes them very carefully, commiserating not only with the Macedonians but also with the Greeks as he tries to point out the absurdities that are held together by pseudopolitical, historical, and religious values. He is concerned that Macedonia might become the scapegoat of Albania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, and Greece.

In the shadow of Olympus

By Eugene N. Borza

What follows is an account of an­cient Mac-don down to the age of Philip and Alexander. It was prompted by an interest in the historical geography, historiography and emerging archaeology of Macedonia. Two factors intervened to prevent this book from extending its scope into the Hellenistic period. The first wu the untimely death in 1981 of my collaborator. Harry J. Dell, who was to have undertaken the history of the Antigonids in Macedonia Second, there have appeared recently a number of works that deal ii< part or in whole with Hellenistic Macedon, and the inter­ested read r now has a variety of sound, up-to-date views to consider. Moreover, fresh archaeological evidence from the Hellenistic era, while welcome has provided relatively fewer new insights into the period than have comparable discoveries for the fourth cenrury B.C. And, with the continuing appearance of interpretative histories of Philip II and Alexander the Great, it has seemed best, for the moment, to concentrate on rarly Macedonia.
Part of this book is narrative and part is thematic It attempts to be chronologically comprehensive down to the death of Philip 1L in 336 B.C. It deals with the age of Alexander the Great in limited fashion, only as part of the continuum of Macedonian institutions and cultural expressions. I hope to have shown that the emergence of Macedon as a great power in antiquity from the shadow of the Greek city-states is paralleled in out own day by an increasing appreciation of distinctive Macedonian institutions and material culture.
Inevitably this work will be compared—for better or worse—with parts of Nicholas Hammond et al.. A History of Macedonia (j vols, Oxford: 1971-88). One suspects that parts of A Hislory of Macedonia will not need revision for decades. But the very value of Hammond as a Handbuih has made it nearly inaccessible for all but the specialists, with other readers using it mainly for consultation on particular points rather than for nairative {Griffith's sections of Philip II and pans of the third volume on the Hellenistic kings excepted). Moreover, the first two volumes of Hammond were largely written by [Q74- and thus could not take into account the remarkable archaeological discoveries in Macedonia since 1977- If there were no other reason to produce an up-to-date Macedonian history for the earlier period, the need to in­corporate the results of recent excavations alone would suffice. 1 regret (hat I have been able to do little more than note for bibliographical purposes most work published after 1986.
It is a purpose of ihis volume to offer an accessible historical essay to anyone interested in the emergence of Macedon. That I do not agree with Hammond's interpretations on a number of points should not be construed as a diminution of respect for his pioneering effort. Where differences exist, they will be so indicated, and the reader is free to pursue these matters and decide between our respective views. On some issues I hope to have broken new ground, and such issues will be presented in technical detaiL On others I have attempted to svnthesize existing opinion without arguing each question afresh. This procedure will be especially evident in those anas in which I am not qualified as a specialist. For the obligation of the historian in such cases is to read the technical literature of the speciab'sts who tend to write mainly for one another, and lo summarize their conclusions accurately for the readers of a wide-ranging general history. The Last quarter of the twen­tieth century has been marked by fertile scholarship in Macedonian studies, and the present work intends to reflect that. The history of a people is never conclusively written, and this author expects that in time the present work will become obsolete, especially in light of the rapidly expanding archaeology of the Balkans. No doubt I have permitted myself more latitude of interpretation than I might have expressed in a technical journal. Even so, the reader will find the analyses cautious, perhaps too much so for some tastes. It re mains for those who follow to offer other interpretations based on a more sophisticated understanding of the historical process, better his­torical method, and the new evidence that archaeology is certain to provide. Thus, this work is offered to those who seek some under­standing in light of present knowledge, and to those who will use it to improve and refine what is set out here.
In the matter of transliteration of Greek pioper names, 1 have, like many others before me, tried for consistency and failed. One should simply accept the injunction of two great travellers in Greece—Col. w*. M. Uake and Stuart Bossiter - who, a century and a half apart, recognized that in this matter "it is impossible in any manner to avoid inconsistency."
In order to forestall chaos I have adopted the following system to mike things more comfortable for the reader. I have kept in their En­glish form a number of names so common that any alteration might prove inconvenient or precious (e.g., Athens, Corinth, Alexander, Philip). Other ancient Greek names have been given in Latin forms recognizable in the Western world {e.g., Herodotus, Archelaus, Eu-ryoicCi Eordaea). Where tnc ancient place name ts still in common use and widely known I have used its Latin form (e.g., Olympus, Boeotia, Euboea); where not so well known, a standard transliteration from the modern Greek form is employed (e.g., Axios, Thasos, Pangaion, Pe-neios). Modem Greek names that have little 01 no famous ancient her­itage have been transliterated directly, preserving the pronunciation whenever possible (e.g., Veria, Kozani, Paiko, Vergina). Anomalies exist, and I hope that, like the author, the reader will not worry too much about them.